All rights reserved.ĭeclaration of interests FG receives royalties from licensing fees to Euroimmun for the use of IgLON5 as a diagnostic test. Through logical differential diagnosis, levels of evidence for autoimmune encephalitis (possible, probable, or definite) are achieved, which can lead to prompt immunotherapy.Ĭopyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. Because autoantibody test results and response to therapy are not available at disease onset, we based the initial diagnostic approach on neurological assessment and conventional tests that are accessible to most clinicians. We reviewed the literature and gathered the experience of a team of experts with the aims of developing a practical, syndrome-based diagnostic approach to autoimmune encephalitis and providing guidelines to navigate through the differential diagnosis. However, existing criteria for autoimmune encephalitis are too reliant on antibody testing and response to immunotherapy, which might delay the diagnosis. Advances in autoimmune encephalitis research in the past 10 years have led to the identification of new syndromes and biomarkers that have transformed the diagnostic approach to these disorders. Electronic address: is a severe inflammatory disorder of the brain with many possible causes and a complex differential diagnosis. 24 Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
23 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.22 Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.21 Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.20 Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital Datteln, Witten/Herdecke University, Datteln, Germany.19 Neuroimmunology Program, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.18 Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.17 Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.16 Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders Berlin, Berlin, Germany.15 Neuroimmunology, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, and Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.14 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.